AEDG comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2025-12-12. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Chemically, the molecule consists of four amino acid residues joined by three peptide bonds, with a free N-terminal amino group and a free C-terminal carboxyl group. Its molecular formula is C14H22N4O9, and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 390 daltons. The acidic glutamate and aspartate side chains give the peptide a net negative charge near neutral pH, a property that shapes its chromatographic behaviour and solubility profile. No disulfide bridges or other post-translational modifications are present, so the primary sequence alone defines the structure.
Most experimental work has been carried out in cell culture and animal models. Several reports describe changes in telomerase activity and proliferation in cultured cells, while rodent studies have examined lifespan, melatonin rhythm and reproductive endpoints. Human data remain limited, and much of the published clinical material consists of small trials with incomplete reporting of methods and controls. Whether the cell and animal findings translate into measurable effects in people is an open question, and the mechanistic basis of the reported telomerase changes is not fully established.
Discussions in the literature often conflate three distinct entities: the pineal extract epithalamin, the isolated tetrapeptide AEDG, and commercial preparations sold under similar names. Reviews citing older Russian-language studies sometimes omit detail on purity, route of administration and control groups, which makes cross-study comparison difficult. Researchers working with the compound generally note the need for independent replication, standardized enzyme assays, and clearer reporting of peptide identity. These caveats are relevant when weighing claims that appear in secondary sources rather than in primary reports.
Epitalon is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, commonly abbreviated AEDG. Its molecular formula is C14H22N4O9, and its calculated molar mass is approximately 390.35 grams per mole. The compound is a short fragment related to a peptide fraction isolated from bovine pineal gland extracts, and it is normally supplied as a lyophilised powder intended for laboratory research. It is not a registered pharmaceutical product in most countries.
The peptide emerged from research carried out in Saint Petersburg from the late 1980s onward, where investigators searched for shorter active fragments of a pineal preparation known as epithalamin. The name epitalon was chosen to reflect that parent extract. Early reports described effects on neuroendocrine markers and on the lifespan of laboratory animals. Much of that work appeared in Russian-language journals, with English translations following later, which affects how readily the original protocols can be assessed by outside groups.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Linear tetrapeptide | Four residues joined by three peptide bonds |
| Sequence | Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly | Commonly abbreviated AEDG |
| Molecular formula | C14H22N4O9 | Free acid form |
| Monoisotopic mass | Approximately 390 Da | Matches values reported from mass spectrometry |
| Net charge near neutral pH | Negative | Contributed by glutamate and aspartate side chains |
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, abbreviated Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly or AEDG. It was developed by the Russian researcher Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues during work on peptide bioregulators derived from the pineal gland. The compound is short enough to be produced by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis and is typically handled as a lyophilized white powder. Its small size distinguishes it from larger pineal peptides such as epithalamin, a complex extract from which the tetrapeptide was conceptually derived.
The four residues give epitalon a molecular formula of C14H22N4O9 and a molecular weight near 390.35 daltons. The presence of two acidic residues, glutamate and aspartate, makes the free peptide strongly acidic, while the alanine and glycine ends provide neutral, nonpolar character. This combination produces a molecule with substantial water solubility. Because there are no cysteine, methionine, or tryptophan residues, the peptide lacks the most common oxidation-sensitive side chains, which simplifies handling compared with many longer peptides.
The proposed relationship between epitalon and pineal function is a central part of its background. Khavinson's group reported that short peptides corresponding to regions of larger pineal proteins could influence gene expression in cells. Epitalon was framed as a synthetic analogue of an active fragment rather than a direct isolation product. Whether the tetrapeptide reproduces the effects of the parent extract is an open question, because comparative studies are limited and the parent extract itself is not a single defined substance.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, abbreviated AEDG. Its molecular formula is C14H22N4O9 and its calculated monoisotopic mass is approximately 390.35 daltons. The compound does not occur naturally as a free peptide; it is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Because it contains two acidic residues and no basic residues, the neutral form carries a net negative charge at physiological pH. This charge profile influences how the peptide behaves in solution and during chromatographic analysis.
Laboratory-grade epitalon is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder. Purity is commonly assessed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, often paired with mass spectrometry to confirm molecular identity. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping can provide additional confirmation of sequence. Certificates of analysis for research materials frequently report purity above 95 percent, although the methods behind such figures vary between suppliers. The absence of a pharmacopeial monograph means that no single standardized assay defines the compound, so reported results depend on the analytical protocol chosen.
Physical properties of the drug (hydrophobicity, pKa, solubility) The drug formulation (immediate release, excipients used, manufacturing methods, modified release – delayed release, extended release, sustained release, etc.) Whether the formulation is administered in a fed or fasted state Gastric emptying rate Circadian differences Interactions with other drugs/foods: Interactions with other drugs (e.g., antacids, alcohol, nicotine) Interactions with other foods (e.g., grapefruit juice, pomello, cranberry juice, brassica vegetables) Transporters: Substrate of efflux transporters (e.g. P-glycoprotein) Health of the gastrointestinal tract Enzyme induction/inhibition by other drugs/foods: Enzyme induction (increased rate of metabolism), e.g., Phenytoin induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 Enzyme inhibition (decreased rate of metabolism), e.g., grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A → higher nifedipine concentrations Individual variation in metabolic differences Age: In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal, and geriatric populations Phenotypic differences, enterohepatic circulation, diet, gender Disease state E.g., hepatic insufficiency, poor renal function Each of these factors may vary from patient to patient (inter-individual variation), and indeed in the same patient over time (intra-individual variation). In clinical trials, inter-individual variation is a critical measurement used to assess the bioavailability differences from patient to patient in order to ensure predictable dosing.
==== Import/export wholesalers and regional distribution hubs ==== Many wholesalers focus on cross-border flows, including import consolidation, local warehousing, and re-export to nearby markets. Free zones and logistics clusters can support these models (for example, large hubs in the Gulf used for regional distribution).
== Etymology == The word water comes from Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic *watar (source also of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, vatn, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (wato)), from Proto-Indo-European *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- ('water'; 'wet'). Also cognate, through the Indo-European root, with Greek ύδωρ (ýdor; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hýdōr), whence English 'hydro-'), Russian вода́ (vodá), Irish uisce, and Albanian ujë.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In October 2025, Pritzker and the Illinois Department of Transportation announced a proposed six-year Highway & Multimodal Multi-Year Improvement Program, slated to begin in fiscal year 2026, involving the leveraging of $50.6 billion in public funds to invest $32.5 billion into more than 7,100 miles of state and local roads and 8.4 million square feet of bridge deck, $13.8 billion distributed across 90 transit projects, $2.9 billion for 29 freight and passenger rail projects, $1.2 billion for 244 aviation projects, and $200 million for ports and waterways, including 28 marine projects. The plan includes $388 million for the proposed Quad Cities Amtrak route between Chicago and Moline, Illinois and $400 million to replace the I-80 bridge that connects LeClaire, Iowa, and Rapids City, Illinois. In June 2019, Pritzker deployed 200 Illinois National Guardsmen to combat flooding across central and southern Illinois. The troops were tasked with sandbagging, protecting levees and keeping evacuation routes open. In August 2019, he officially requested a federal disaster declaration for 32 Illinois counties due to flooding since February 2019. The request came after the state's disaster assessment was concluded.
== Notable members == General Lloyd Austin (born 1953), Commanding General of XVIII Airborne Corps, Commanding General of CENTCOM, 28th Secretary of Defense Master Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez (Medal of Honor Recipient), Vietnam War General of the Army Omar Bradley Moffatt Burriss, politician from South Carolina Jason Crow, member of the US House of Representatives for Colorado's 6th congressional district Fashion critic/choreographer Bruce Darnell (born 1957) Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards (born 1966) LTG Michael Flynn (born 1958), former commander of the 313th Military Intelligence Battalion and Division G-2 Actor Dennis Franz (born 1944) Leonard A. Funk Jr. 508th P.I.R, WW2 Medal of Honor recipient and credited as the most highly decorated US Army Airborne soldier of the Second World War Lieutenant General James M. Gavin Colonel Chris Gibson (born 1964), former commander of the 2d Battalion, 325th Infantry Regiment, and later commander of the division's 2d Brigade Combat Team, former New York Congressman Melvin O. Handrich (Medal of Honor Recipient, Korean War; First Special Service Force and Company I, 508th Parachute Infantry in World War II) Mark T. Vande Hei (born 1966), Col (En) (ret.), prior engineer platoon leader in 3/325th Infantry Real life Goodfellas movie mobster, Henry Hill served as a cook in the Division from 1960 to 1963. Sean D. Jordan, judge Clint Lorance (born 1984), officer convicted of second-degree murder for battlefield deaths; pardoned Jacklyn H.
== Examples == Some examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins, and chromoproteins.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
To Lore Alford Rogers In recognition of his quarter-century service in the advancement of knowledge, embracing important contributions in pure science as well as its applications to industry; and because he embodies in the highest degree their ideal of unselfish devotion and untiring loyalty, alike to his work and to his fellow workers--this volume is dedicated, with admiration and affection, by those who have been privileged to serve under his leadership. In the early 1930s Rogers was involved in research on cheese, including Swiss, cheddar, and Roquefort. He set off for the International Dairy Congress in Italy. In 1936 the Borden Company announced that it would provide cash awards and gold medals for "meritorious work in science as it is related to the dairy industry." Two recipients were selected for the first prizes: Lore A. Rogers of the USDA and Carl F. Huffman of Michigan State University. Rogers was praised for his numerous contributions to the field, noting "there is not a branch in our industry that has not felt the helping hand of his genius." In his casual, almost self-effacing style, but with serious reflection upon receiving the prize, Rogers took the opportunity to educate the next generation of researchers.
Acquired progressive lymphangioma (benign lymphangioendothelioma) Acral fibrokeratoma (acquired digital fibrokeratoma, acquired periungual fibrokeratoma) Acrochordon (cutaneous papilloma, cutaneous tag, fibroepithelial polyp, fibroma molluscum, fibroma pendulum, papilloma colli, skin tag, soft fibroma, Templeton skin tag) Adenoma sebaceum Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis African cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma African lymphadenopathic Kaposi sarcoma Aggressive infantile fibromatosis AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma Ainhum (bankokerend, dactylolysis spontanea, sukhapakla) Angiofibroma Angiokeratoma Angiokeratoma of Fordyce (angiokeratoma of the scrotum and vulva) Angiokeratoma of Mibelli (Mibelli's angiokeratoma, telangiectatic warts) Angioleiomyoma (vascular leiomyoma) Angiolipoleiomyoma Angiolipoma Angioma serpiginosum Angiosarcoma Aponeurotic fibroma (calcifying aponeurotic fibroma, juvenile aponeurotic fibroma) Atypical fibroxanthoma Benign lipoblastomatosis (embryonic lipoma) Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome (dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata) Capillary aneurysms Carcinoid Cellular angiofibroma Cherry angioma (De Morgan spot, senile angioma) Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis) Chondroid lipoma Chordoma Classic Kaposi sarcoma Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma) Composite hemangioendothelioma Connective tissue nevus (collagenoma, elastoma, shagreen patch) Cutaneous endometriosis Cutaneous meningioma (heterotopic meningeal tissue, rudimentary meningocele) Cutaneous myelofibrosis Cutaneous myxoma Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital generalized phlebectasia, Van Lohuizen syndrome) Dermal dendrocyte hamartoma Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma, dermal dendrocytoma, fibrous dermatofibroma, fibrous histiocytoma, fibroma simplex, histiocytoma, nodular subepidermal fibrosis, sclerosing hemangioma) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Desmoid tumor Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis Diffuse infantile fibromatosis Dupuytren's contracture (Dupuytren's diathesis, Dupuytren's disease, palmar fibromatosis) Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma Elastofibroma dorsi Endovascular papillary angioendothelioma (Dabska tumor, Dabska-type hemangioendothelioma, hobnail hemangioendothelioma, malignant endovascular papillary angioendothelioma, papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma) Epithelioid cell histiocytoma Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Epithelioid sarcoma Erythrodermic mastocytosis Extraskeletal chondroma (chondroma of soft parts) Familial myxovascular fibromas Fascial hernia Fibroma of tendon sheath Fibromatosis colli (sternomastoid tumor of infancy) Fibrous hamartoma of infancy Fibrous papule of the nose (benign solitary fibrous papule, fibrous papule of the face) Folded skin with scarring (Michelin tire baby syndrome) Fordyce's spot (Fordyce's disease) Ganglion cyst Ganglioneuroma Gardner fibroma Genital leiomyoma (dartoic leiomyoma) Giant cell fibroblastoma Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (giant cell synovioma, localized nodular tenosynovitis, pigmented villonodular synovitis) Glomeruloid hemangioma Glomus tumor (glomangioma, solid glomus tumor, solitary glomus tumor) Granular cell tumor (Abrikossoff's tumor, Abrikossov's tumor, granular cell myoblastoma, granular cell nerve sheath tumor, granular cell schwannoma) Hamartoma Hemangiopericytoma Hemangiosarcoma Hibernoma (fetal lipoma, lipoma of embryonic fat, lipoma of immature adipose tissue) Hypertrophic scar Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi sarcoma Infantile digital fibromatosis (inclusion body fibromatosis, infantile digital myofibroblastoma, Reye tumor) Infantile hemangiopericytoma (congenital hemangiopericytoma) Infantile myofibromatosis (congenital generalized fibromatosis, congenital multicentric fibromatosis) Infantile systemic hyalinosis (juvenile systemic hyalinosis) Intradermal spindle cell lipoma Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangio-endotheliome vegetant intravasculaire, Masson's lesion, Masson's pseudoangiosarcoma, Masson's tumor, papillary endothelial hyperplasia) Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex juvenilis, Murray–Puretic–Drescher syndrome) Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (infantile kaposiform hemangioendothelioma) Kasabach–Merritt syndrome (hemangioma with thrombocytopenia) Keloid (Keloidal scar) Keratinizing metaplasia Keratocyst Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (angioosteohypertrophy syndrome, hemangiectatic hypertrophy) Knuckle pads (heloderma) Leiomyosarcoma Lipoma Liposarcoma (atypical lipoma, atypical lipomatous tumor) Lymphangiectasis (lymphangioma) Lymphangiomatosis Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma, neurofibrosarcoma, neurosarcoma) Mast cell sarcoma Meningocele Metastatic carcinoma Microvenular hemangioma (microcapillary hemangioma) Midline nevus flammeus (angel's kiss, salmon patch) Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis (congenital cutaneovisceral angiomatosis with thrombocytopenia, multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia) Multinucleate cell angiohistocytoma Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome (leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri, multiple leiomyomatosis, Reed's syndrome) Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma (pilar leiomyoma) Neural fibrolipoma Neuroblastoma (infantile neuroblastoma, neuroepithelioma) Neuroma cutis Neurothekeoma (bizarre cutaneous neurofibroma, cutaneous lobular neuromyxoma, myxoma of the nerve sheath, myxomatous perineurioma, nerve sheath myxoma) Nevus flammeus (capillary malformation, port-wine stain) Nevus flammeus nuchae (stork bite) Nevus lipomatosus superficialis (nevus lipomatosis of Hoffman and Zurhelle) Nevus oligemicus Nodular fasciitis (nodular pseudosarcomatous fasciits, pseudosarcomatous fasciitis, subcutaneous pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis) Oral submucous fibrosis Pachydermodactyly Palisaded encapsulated neuroma Paraneoplastic syndrome Pearly penile papules (hirsuties coronae glandis, hirsutoid papillomas) Peyronie's disease (induratio penis plastica) Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis Piloleiomyoma Plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose's disease) Pleomorphic fibroma Pleomorphic lipoma Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus Progressive nodular histiocytoma Proliferating angioendotheliomatosis Prominent inferior labial artery Pseudo-ainhum
==== Short-term ==== Acute adverse effects are usually the result of high or multiple doses, although single dose toxicity can occur in susceptible individuals. The most serious short-term physical health risks of MDMA are hyperthermia and dehydration. Cases of life-threatening or fatal hyponatremia (excessively low sodium concentration in the blood) have developed in MDMA users attempting to prevent dehydration by consuming excessive amounts of water without replenishing electrolytes. The immediate adverse effects of MDMA use can include:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence alanine-glutamate-aspartate-glycine, often abbreviated AEDG. The molecule is linear and contains no modified residues, so it is fully described by its sequence.
The compound came out of work on epithalamin, a peptide preparation derived from pineal tissue, conducted largely in Russian laboratories. Later studies in other countries examined it mainly in cell cultures and animal models.
The tetrapeptide sequence is a synthetic construct rather than a described circulating peptide. It was derived by analogy to peptide fractions obtained from tissue extracts, not isolated from blood or tissue as such.
It is a synthetic tetrapeptide built from alanine, glutamate, aspartate and glycine. The four residues are joined by standard peptide bonds, giving a linear chain rather than a branched structure.